# Diffusion¶

pyro solves the constant-conductivity diffusion equation:

$\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t} = k \nabla^2 \phi$

This is done implicitly using multigrid, using the solver diffusion.

The diffusion equation is discretized using Crank-Nicolson differencing (this makes the diffusion operator time-centered) and the implicit discretization forms a Helmholtz equation solved by the pyro multigrid class. The main parameters that affect this solver are:

• section: [diffusion]

option

value

description

k

1.0

conductivity

• section: [driver]

option

value

description

cfl

0.8

diffusion CFL number

## Examples¶

### gaussian¶

The gaussian problem initializes a strongly peaked Gaussian centered in the domain. The analytic solution for this shows that the profile remains a Gaussian, with a changing width and peak. This allows us to compare our solver to the analytic solution. This is run as:

./pyro.py diffusion gaussian inputs.gaussian


The above figure shows the scalar field after diffusing significantly from its initial strongly peaked state. We can compare to the analytic solution by making radial profiles of the scalar. The plot below shows the numerical solution (red points) overplotted on the analytic solution (solid curves) for several different times. The y-axis is restricted in range to bring out the detail at later times.

## Exercises¶

The best way to learn these methods is to play with them yourself. The exercises below are suggestions for explorations and features to add to the advection solver.

### Explorations¶

• Test the convergence of the solver by varying the resolution and comparing to the analytic solution.

• How does the solution error change as the CFL number is increased well above 1?

• Setup some other profiles and experiment with different boundary conditions.

### Extensions¶

• Switch from Crank-Nicolson (2nd order in time) to backward’s Euler (1st order in time) and compare the solution and convergence. This should only require changing the source term and coefficents used in setting up the multigrid solve. It does not require changes to the multigrid solver itself.

• Implement a non-constant coefficient diffusion solver—note: this will require improving the multigrid solver.